Japanese grammar reference
216 grammar points
| ～がbut / however | but / however | N5 |
| ～からbecause / since | because / since | N5 |
| ～くadjective as adverb | adjective as adverb | N5 |
| ～くなるbecoming a state | becoming a state | N5 |
| ～けどbut / however | but / however | N5 |
| ～ことができるbe able to / can do | be able to / can do | N5 |
| ～するverbalize a verbal noun | verbalize a verbal noun | N5 |
| ～たplain past tense | plain past tense | N5 |
| ～たいwant to do something | want to do something | N5 |
| ～だけonly / just | only / just | N5 |
| ～たりdoing things like A and B | doing things like A and B | N5 |
| ～だろう／でしょうprobably (presumptive) | probably (presumptive) | N5 |
| ～て／でthe connective te-form | the connective te-form | N5 |
| ～ているprogressive / resultant state | progressive / resultant state | N5 |
| ～てからafter doing | after doing | N5 |
| ～てくださいpolite request or instruction | polite request or instruction | N5 |
| ～でしょうprobably (polite conjecture) | probably (polite conjecture) | N5 |
| ～てもいいpermission to do | permission to do | N5 |
| ～ときwhen / at the time of | when / at the time of | N5 |
| ～ないnegative | negative | N5 |
| ～ないplain negative auxiliary | plain negative auxiliary | N5 |
| ～ないでくださいplease don’t | please don’t | N5 |
| ～ないですpolite negative with desu | polite negative with desu | N5 |
| ～になるto become | to become | N5 |
| ～のでbecause / since | because / since | N5 |
| ～ます／ですpolite style | polite style | N5 |
| な-Adj+にna-adjective adverbial | na-adjective adverbial | N5 |
| ～（さ）すshort causative, casual make / let | short causative, casual make / let | N4 |
| ～（さ）せられるbe made to do | be made to do | N4 |
| ～（さ）せるmake or let someone do | make or let someone do | N4 |
| ～（ら）れるpassive, is done / gets done | passive, is done / gets done | N4 |
| ～（ら）れる／～えるcan, be able to | can, be able to | N4 |
| ～う／ようlet’s / I’ll (volitional) | let’s / I’ll (volitional) | N4 |
| ～かどうかwhether or not | whether or not | N4 |
| ～かもしれないmight / maybe | might / maybe | N4 |
| ～くらいapproximate extent or degree | approximate extent or degree | N4 |
| ～ことがあるhave experience / sometimes happens | have experience / sometimes happens | N4 |
| ～ことになるit has been decided that | it has been decided that | N4 |
| ～さnominalizer of degree | nominalizer of degree | N4 |
| ～させるcausative form of suru | causative form of suru | N4 |
| ～しand (listing reasons) | and (listing reasons) | N4 |
| ～しかないonly / no choice but | only / no choice but | N4 |
| ～すぎるexcessive action or quality | excessive action or quality | N4 |
| ～そうlooks like or appears | looks like or appears | N4 |
| ～そうだI hear that or reportedly | I hear that or reportedly | N4 |
| ～だからso / therefore | so / therefore | N4 |
| ～たばかりjust did | just did | N4 |
| ～たほうがいいhad better / better not | had better / better not | N4 |
| ～ためにin order to / because of | in order to / because of | N4 |
| ～たらif / when | if / when | N4 |
| ～だろうprobably or surely | probably or surely | N4 |
| ～つもりintend to / plan to | intend to / plan to | N4 |
| ～てあるresultant state from intentional action | resultant state from intentional action | N4 |
| ～ていくgo on doing / motion away | go on doing / motion away | N4 |
| ～ていただくhumbly receive favor of action | humbly receive favor of action | N4 |
| ～ておくdo in advance / preparatory action | do in advance / preparatory action | N4 |
| ～てくるcome to do / motion toward speaker | come to do / motion toward speaker | N4 |
| ～てくれるreceive favor from outsider | receive favor from outsider | N4 |
| ～てしまうregret or thorough completion | regret or thorough completion | N4 |
| ～ては／ではif / when (and so) | if / when (and so) | N4 |
| ～てはいけないmust not / prohibition | must not / prohibition | N4 |
| ～てほしいwant someone to do | want someone to do | N4 |
| ～ても／でもeven if / even though | even if / even though | N4 |
| ～てもらうreceive favor of action | receive favor of action | N4 |
| ～とwhen / whenever (natural result) | when / whenever (natural result) | N4 |
| ～というcalled / named | called / named | N4 |
| ～ところjust did / in the middle of / just about to | just did / in the middle of / just about to | N4 |
| ～なdon’t (prohibitive) | don’t (prohibitive) | N4 |
| ～ないでwithout doing | without doing | N4 |
| ～ながらwhile / although | while / although | N4 |
| ～なければならないmust / have to | must / have to | N4 |
| ～によるとaccording to | according to | N4 |
| ～のだit is that / explanation | it is that / explanation | N4 |
| ～のにalthough / despite | although / despite | N4 |
| ～のようだlike / as if (simile) | like / as if (simile) | N4 |
| ～ばprovisional conditional “if” | provisional conditional “if” | N4 |
| ～ば／～たらif / when (conditional) | if / when (conditional) | N4 |
| ～ばかりjust / only / nothing but | just / only / nothing but | N4 |
| ～ままas is / unchanged state | as is / unchanged state | N4 |
| ～やすいeasy to do | easy to do | N4 |
| ～ようだseems / appears (conjecture) | seems / appears (conjecture) | N4 |
| ～ようにするtry to / make sure to | try to / make sure to | N4 |
| ～ようになるcome to / reach the point of | come to / reach the point of | N4 |
| ～らしいseems or apparently | seems or apparently | N4 |
| ～頃around the time of / when | around the time of / when | N4 |
| ～方how to / way of | how to / way of | N4 |
| それでand then / so | and then / so | N4 |
| の（名詞化）nominalizer の | nominalizer の | N4 |
| 命令形direct command | direct command | N4 |
| ～いたすhumble form of suru | humble form of suru | N3 |
| ～うちにwhile (still) | while (still) | N3 |
| ～おかげでthanks to | thanks to | N3 |
| ～がちtend to, often negative | tend to, often negative | N3 |
| ～がるshow signs of feeling | show signs of feeling | N3 |
| ～かわりにinstead of / in exchange for | instead of / in exchange for | N3 |
| ～くせにeven though (reproach) | even though (reproach) | N3 |
| ～こそprecisely / exactly | precisely / exactly | N3 |
| ～ことが多いoften does | often does | N3 |
| ～ことにするdecide to | decide to | N3 |
| ～さえeven | even | N3 |
| ～されるpassive or honorific suru | passive or honorific suru | N3 |
| ～ずにwithout doing | without doing | N3 |
| ～せいでbecause of / due to (blame) | because of / due to (blame) | N3 |
| ～そうにないdoesn’t look like it will | doesn’t look like it will | N3 |
| ～だけでなくnot only X but also | not only X but also | N3 |
| ～たち／～らplural suffix for people | plural suffix for people | N3 |
| ～たとたんthe moment that | the moment that | N3 |
| ～たびにevery time / each time | every time / each time | N3 |
| ～ついでにwhile you’re at it | while you’re at it | N3 |
| ～ってas for / called / they say | as for / called / they say | N3 |
| ～っぽい-ish / -like / tends to | -ish / -like / tends to | N3 |
| ～ておるhumble or archaic progressive | humble or archaic progressive | N3 |
| ～てみるtry doing | try doing | N3 |
| ～どころかfar from / let alone | far from / let alone | N3 |
| ～としてas / in the capacity of | as / in the capacity of | N3 |
| ～とはwhat is X / regarding X | what is X / regarding X | N3 |
| ～ならif / as for | if / as for | N3 |
| ～なんてsuch a thing as / what | such a thing as / what | N3 |
| ～においてin / at (formal) | in / at (formal) | N3 |
| ～にくいdifficult to do | difficult to do | N3 |
| ～についてabout / regarding | about / regarding | N3 |
| ～につれてas / in proportion to | as / in proportion to | N3 |
| ～にとってfor / from the standpoint of | for / from the standpoint of | N3 |
| ～によってdepending on / by means of | depending on / by means of | N3 |
| ～に違いないmust be / no doubt | must be / no doubt | N3 |
| ～に過ぎないnothing more than | nothing more than | N3 |
| ～に決まっているdefinitely / must be | definitely / must be | N3 |
| ～に対してtoward / in contrast with | toward / in contrast with | N3 |
| ～のに（使う／必要だ）for the purpose of | for the purpose of | N3 |
| ～ば～ほどthe more … the more | the more … the more | N3 |
| ～ばかりでなくnot only X but also | not only X but also | N3 |
| ～はずがないthere’s no way / cannot be | there’s no way / cannot be | N3 |
| ～はずだshould / is supposed to | should / is supposed to | N3 |
| ～ふりをするpretend to | pretend to | N3 |
| ～べきshould / ought to | should / ought to | N3 |
| ～ほどextent / the more X the more | extent / the more X the more | N3 |
| ～みたいlike or seems like | like or seems like | N3 |
| ～めon the somewhat X side | on the somewhat X side | N3 |
| ～ものだused to / it’s how things are | used to / it’s how things are | N3 |
| ～ようなlike / similar to | like / similar to | N3 |
| ～ようにso that / in order to | so that / in order to | N3 |
| ～わけがないthere’s no way / impossible | there’s no way / impossible | N3 |
| ～わけだthat’s why / no wonder | that’s why / no wonder | N3 |
| ～わけではないit doesn’t mean that | it doesn’t mean that | N3 |
| ～わけにはいかないcannot (for social reasons) | cannot (for social reasons) | N3 |
| ～間にduring / while | during / while | N3 |
| ～後でafter (doing) | after (doing) | N3 |
| ～始めるbegin to / start doing | begin to / start doing | N3 |
| ～出すsuddenly start to | suddenly start to | N3 |
| ～前にbefore / ago (temporal) | before / ago (temporal) | N3 |
| ～続けるkeep / continue doing | keep / continue doing | N3 |
| お／ご～くださいhonorific request | honorific request | N3 |
| ところがhowever / unexpectedly | however / unexpectedly | N3 |
| ところでby the way / incidentally | by the way / incidentally | N3 |
| まるでjust like / as if | just like / as if | N3 |
| ～うる / ～えるbe possible or conceivable | be possible or conceivable | N2 |
| ～がいworth doing | worth doing | N2 |
| ～かけるhalfway / about to | halfway / about to | N2 |
| ～かねないmight well / is liable to | might well / is liable to | N2 |
| ～かねるcannot / find it hard to | cannot / find it hard to | N2 |
| ～かのようas if / as though | as if / as though | N2 |
| ～げappearance of a feeling | appearance of a feeling | N2 |
| ～ざるを得ないhave no choice but to | have no choice but to | N2 |
| ～ずにはいられないcan’t help but | can’t help but | N2 |
| ～たあげくafter all that, ended up | after all that, ended up | N2 |
| ～たきりever since (no change) | ever since (no change) | N2 |
| ～だらけcovered in / full of | covered in / full of | N2 |
| ～た末（に）after much … finally | after much … finally | N2 |
| ～っぱなしleave (on / undone) | leave (on / undone) | N2 |
| ～てばかりdo nothing but | do nothing but | N2 |
| ～といってもalthough I say / even so | although I say / even so | N2 |
| ～どころではないnot the time/place for | not the time/place for | N2 |
| ～ところをin the act of / scene of | in the act of / scene of | N2 |
| ～とするtry to / about to, suppose that, as a role | try to / about to, suppose that, as a role | N2 |
| ～ながらもeven though / while | even though / while | N2 |
| ～にあたってon the occasion of | on the occasion of | N2 |
| ～にしてはfor / considering | for / considering | N2 |
| ～にしてもeven if / even though | even if / even though | N2 |
| ～にもかかわらずin spite of / despite | in spite of / despite | N2 |
| ～に加えてin addition to | in addition to | N2 |
| ～に関してregarding / concerning | regarding / concerning | N2 |
| ～に基づいてbased on / according to | based on / according to | N2 |
| ～に限らずnot limited to / not just | not limited to / not just | N2 |
| ～のあまりso much that | so much that | N2 |
| ～ばかりにsimply because / just because | simply because / just because | N2 |
| ～もののalthough / but | although / but | N2 |
| ～ようがないno way to / cannot possibly | no way to / cannot possibly | N2 |
| ～をめぐってover / concerning | over / concerning | N2 |
| ～を込めてwith (feeling / effort) | with (feeling / effort) | N2 |
| ～を問わずregardless of | regardless of | N2 |
| ～以上（は）now that / seeing that | now that / seeing that | N2 |
| ～一方だkeeps on -ing (one-way trend) | keeps on -ing (one-way trend) | N2 |
| ～一方でon the one hand / while | on the one hand / while | N2 |
| ～限りas much as / to the limit | as much as / to the limit | N2 |
| ～最中in the middle of | in the middle of | N2 |
| ～際にat the time of / on the occasion of | at the time of / on the occasion of | N2 |
| ～次第as soon as | as soon as | N2 |
| ～上でafter / upon doing | after / upon doing | N2 |
| ～切るdo completely / to the end | do completely / to the end | N2 |
| ～反面while / on the other hand | while / on the other hand | N2 |
| あまりに（も）so much that / excessively | so much that / excessively | N2 |
| あまりの～にsuch excessive … | such excessive … | N2 |
| ～がたいhard to do, literary | hard to do, literary | N1 |
| ～が早いかno sooner than | no sooner than | N1 |
| ～きらいがあるhas a tendency to | has a tendency to | N1 |
| ～ことなしにwithout ever doing | without ever doing | N1 |
| ～ずくめnothing but / full of | nothing but / full of | N1 |
| ～つつwhile simultaneously, literary | while simultaneously, literary | N1 |
| ～つつあるin the process of | in the process of | N1 |
| ～てやがるvulgar contemptuous auxiliary | vulgar contemptuous auxiliary | N1 |
| ～とあってgiven that / since (special occasion) | given that / since (special occasion) | N1 |
| ～ともなるとwhen it comes to being | when it comes to being | N1 |
| ～ながらにin a state of / while remaining | in a state of / while remaining | N1 |
| ～なりas soon as | as soon as | N1 |
| ～べくin order to (formal) | in order to (formal) | N1 |
| ～や否やthe instant that | the instant that | N1 |
216 entries. Updated .