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~なければならない

must / have to

N4 Pattern

~なければならない is the standard way to say “must” or “have to”. It is built from the negative: なければ means “if (you) don't”, and ならない means “it won't do”. Word for word, 勉強しなければならない is “if I don't study, it won't do”, that is, “I have to study”.

It is the mirror image of ~てはいけない: ~てはいけない forbids an action, while ~なければならない requires one.

1. Obligation and duty

Use it for things you are required to do by rules, schedules, or circumstances. In polite speech, ならない becomes なりません.

毎日勉強しなければならない。

“I have to study every day.”

  • 毎日(まいにち)= every day
  • 勉強しなければならない(べんきょうしなければならない)= have to study

明日早く起きなければなりません。

“I have to get up early tomorrow.”

  • 明日(あした)= tomorrow
  • 早く(はやく)= early
  • 起きなければなりません(おきなければなりません)= have to get up (polite)

2. Casual contractions: なきゃ and なくちゃ

In everyday speech, なければ shrinks to なきゃ or なくちゃ, and the ならない part is often dropped entirely.

もう帰らなきゃ。

“I've got to go home now.”

  • もう = already, by now
  • 帰らなきゃ(かえらなきゃ)= got to go home (contraction of 帰らなければならない)

How to form it

Verb ない-form → replace ない with なければ + ならない

  • 行く(いく)= to go → 行かなければならない(いかなければならない)= must go
  • 食べる(たべる)= to eat → 食べなければならない(たべなければならない)= must eat
  • する = to do → しなければならない = must do

Key idea

~なければならない is a double negative: “if you don't do it, it won't do”. Japanese expresses “must” by saying that not doing it is not an option.

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Updated .